Tephrosia purpurea is a native Indian plant, commonly referred to as wild indigo. It has a long history of use in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for various therapeutic purposes. Known as “Sharapunkha” in Sanskrit, it has been called “the enemy of splenic diseases” due to its reputed ability to treat liver and spleen disorders. Tephrosia purpurea is also found in the Himalayas and throughout southern India, thriving in dry, rocky or sandy soils. The plant contains a range of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, and polyphenols. Specific compounds, including quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin, contribute to its medicinal effects. In skincare, these compounds offer anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and detoxifying benefits. The extract we use in LAST skincare is obtained from the seeds of Tephrosia purpurea to sustainably protect the plant. A specific extraction process is performed to create a concentrate enriched with key sugars like stachyose and ciceritol, as well as three unique polyphenol rutinosides: kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, patuletin-3-O-rutinoside. This extract acts as a neuropeptide with the ability to reduce cortisol (the stress hormone) production by up to 70% in just two hours after application. Cortisol in the skin can cause various issues, including redness, inflammation, premature aging, and a tired appearance. The extract is known to help soothe stressed skin, enhance radiance, reduce dark circles, and provide anti-aging benefits, particularly for sensitive skin. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown excellent results when treating aging, stressed skin. The extract visibly reduces the signs of stress and fatigue after one month of use. Our specific Tephrosia purpurea extract: • Inhibits cortisol production by up to 70% within 2 hours of application • Increases beta-endorphin production by up to 163% in 24 hours • Significantly stimulates the expression of major proteins involved in the cellular stress response in both keratinocytes and fibroblasts: up to 3000% for HMOX1 (the major cellular response to stress) and 200% for NQO1 (the key response to oxidative stress) • Improves skin luminosity in patients with stressed skin by up to 103% in just 14 days (measured by spectrocolorimeter) • Reduces skin redness by 2.4 times in 28 days • Dramatically reduces dark circles and improves overall skin tone, with up to a 99% improvement in ITA angle (skin color) in just 14 days The extract used in LAST is Ecocert/Cosmos approved and won the Best Ingredient Award at the in-cosmetics Innovation Zone in 2016.

Shiunko Fermented Oil is an advanced skincare ingredient derived from the traditional Japanese herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon, also known as red-root gromwell or redroot lithospermum. This plant has been a key component in Kampo, traditional Japanese medicine, where its roots are utilized for their potent skin-healing properties. Historically, boiled Shiunko roots were combined with other herbs like Angelica root to address a variety of skin conditions, such as burns, frostbite, eczema, psoriasis, and general skin irritations. This practice traces back to the Eastern medicine principles described in ancient Chinese and Japanese texts. The modern adaptation, Shiunko Fermented Oil, undergoes a specialized fermentation process, enhancing both its texture and efficacy compared to conventional oils. The roots are harvested, dried, and then soaked in plant oils, followed by fermentation. This process amplifies the active compounds, including Shikonin and its derivatives (e.g., acetylshikonin and isobutyroylshikonin), which are naphthoquinone compounds known for their anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and angiogenesis-inhibiting effects. Research highlights that Shikonin can hinder the proliferation of endothelial cells and reduce melanoma-related angiogenesis, making it valuable for skin regeneration. In LAST skincare, Shiunko Fermentoil promotes fibroblast proliferation, improving wound healing and skin repair. Its fermentation process also boosts the compound’s ability to inhibit melanin production, offering a mild skin-brightening effect (with a 15% reduction in melanogenesis at just 0.1% concentration). It additionally enhances blood circulation and has been clinically shown to improve skin texture, making it an effective solution for addressing skin concerns like aging, pigmentation, and dryness.

Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) is a superfood known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties for decades. It fortifies the skin’s natural protection system and reduces pro-inflammatory response with visible results on fine lines, dark circles and redness. It is classified as an adaptogen, which promotes well-being, increases energy levels and strengthens immunity. This unique substantiated healthy extract is obtained from Chaga Mushroom from Northern Canadian birch forests, using environmental technology (extraction with subcritical water), a fast and safe extraction optimizing its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Instead of organic solvents, this method uses pressurized water heated to between 100°C and 374°C for extraction. In vitro tests have proven that SWE extracts phytochemicals more efficiently than other common methods, such as conventional hydroethanolic extraction and water extraction. The extract has a clinically proven (in vitro and in vivo tests) ability to mimic and reproduce the experience of a relaxation spa treatment – sauna followed by a massage – for beautiful and healthy-looking skin. It has proven successful for tired and stressed skin, reducing the signs of tiredness such as fine lines, dark eye circles, and a dull complexion after 28 days as effectively as a five-day spa relaxation cure. Additionally, the extract significantly counteracts reddening in sensitive skin after one week of using. With its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it fortifies the skin’s natural protection system by strengthening barrier function and the microvascular network – working on all fronts to return skin to a healthier condition, with visible results on fine lines, dark-circles and erythema. 85% of study participants confirmed they see a health benefit for their skin and 91% reported increased skin comfort within 7 to 28 days of application. 100% plant, vegan, COSMOS approved. INCI: Glycerin (and) Water (and) Inonotus Obliquus (Mushroom) Extract

Copaiba is a 100% natural balsam drawn from the trunks of the copaiba tree (Copaifera Officinalis), growing in the Amazonian forests in Brazil, as well as Peru, Columbia and Venezuela. In traditional medicine of the natives, copaiba is a symbol of vitality, used for generations as a remedy for digestion, strengthening the immune system. The name, kupai’wa, means “there is something inside”. The curanderos – healers – have long been applying it as an ointment to heal war injuries and collision wounds and to soothe aching joints. In Panama, copaiba oil was ritually given to newborns with a little bit of honey to chase away evil spirits and develop the child’s knowledge of the world. Local populations used to harvest this oil only once a year as part of a ceremony, in a patient and respectful way, only from the oldest trees (100 years old), each of them yielding approx. 40 liters of the oleoresin per year. At LAST, we use 100% pure oleoresin (not the essential oil distilled with steam from the oleoresin), because it is more environmentally friendly and more therapeutically effective due to its diterpene content. Copaiba Balsam offers many benefits within cosmetic, aromatherapy, personal care and wellness applications. It has a rich, deep, earthy aroma – used in aromatherapy for calming, balancing and grounding. Copaiba Balsam consists of at least 90% sesquiterpenes, which have strong antibacterial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties, useful in lessening the symptoms of eczema and dermatitis. It is often called the forest’s antibiotic, due to the powerful effectiveness in healing wounds and scars. It also contains large amounts of beta-caryophyllene that interacts with cannabinoid receptors in the body, releasing beta-endorphin, as well as Vitamin E (an antioxidant), germacrene D (antibacterial and antifungal properties), oleic acid (omega 9) and linoleic acid (omega 6) which assists skin regeneration and prevents it from drying. Such composition of Copaiba Balm enables it to reduce wrinkles, moderate psoriasis, take care of bruises, alleviate calluses, soothe acne, sunburn and irritation. Benefits for skin: • antibacterial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic • decreasing the symptoms of eczema and dermatitis • deeply regenerating • reducing wrinkles • moderating psoriasis • alleviating calluses • soothing acne, sunburn and irritation

Myrrh comes from the reddish-brown resin of Commiphora Myrrha, native to Africa, collected from the tree’s resin and extracted with CO2 to keep all the values in the essential oil. The word “myrrh” comes from the Arabic word “murr,” meaning bitter, due to its sharp taste. The resin has been prized since ancient times, not only for the use in spiritual applications and as a natural incense, but also for healing properties it demonstrated when applied on skin. It was mentioned in the Bible several times, used in traditional Chinese medicine and in Ayurvedic medicine. In aromatherapy, the rich, warm, sweet, earthy scent of myrrh is especially grounding and balancing oil. It helps center the mind and calm the spirit. It is the perfect aromatic to promote feelings of spirituality during mindfulness practices, meditation and yoga, as well as root chakra work. Myrrh has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-fungal properties, it kills harmful bacteria and stimulates the immune system to produce more white blood cells. Even used as an incense, especially combined with frankincense, it helps purify the air from airborne microbes. It was clinically proven that myrrh oil has strong efficacy against several infectious bacteria, including some drug-resistant ones (source 1, source 2, source 3) and – even at a low dilution of 0.1% – kill all dormant Lyme disease bacteria, which can persist in some people after antibiotic treatment and continue to cause illness (source). In skincare, myrrh is used mostly for treating wounds and skin infections. It was tested on human skin cells and confirmed the efficacy in healing (source). In another study myrrh oil inhibited 43–61% of the growth of five fungi that cause skin conditions, including ringworm and athlete’s foot (source). Being a powerful antioxidant, even more efficient than vitamin E (source), myrrh essential oil protects skin’s own squalene against oxidation and combats oxidative damage. It is perfect for relieving dry, inflamed, irritated skin, preventing skin aging, retaining moisture in skin. The secret is terpenes. Myrrh also contains skin-soothing limonene, bacteria-fighting germacrene, anti-fungal curzerene and magnesium. Benefits for skin: • anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-fungal • combats oxidative damage • stimulates the immune system • soothing, treats wounds and skin infections • prevents skin aging • retains moisture in skin

Frankincense, also known as olibanum, is obtained from trees of the genus Boswellia: Boswellia serrata, sacra, carteri or frereana, growing in semi deserts of Asia and Africa. It has been known for centuries – cited in the Bible as one of three “gifts of the magi” presented at the birth of Jesus, used by Cleopatra in her beauty regimen. Together with myrrh, also present in our Skin Repair Serum, frankincense has been extensively used for a number of health purposes in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. The most common use was its anti-inflammatory properties – in fact the top constituent of frankincense essential oil – alpha-pinene – is widely recognized for its ability to reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as for some immune-enhancing properties. Terpenes and boswellic acids appear to be the strongest anti-inflammatory compounds in frankincense (source 1, source 2). It was clinically proven that frankincense affects many important signaling pathways that are closely related to inflammation, immune response, and tissue remodeling, there is also evidence of the biological activities of frankincense essential oil in human dermal fibroblasts (source). By reducing the level of collagen III, frankincense is likely to improve healing skin by reducing the chance of scar formation or wound persistence. Benefits for skin: • anti-inflammatory • improves tissue remodeling • helps with scar formation and wound persistence INCI: Boswellia Serrata Oil

Cassia Angustifolia is an ayurvedic plant, also known as Indian Senna, used in eastern medicine for over 1000 years. It is native to India, growing in dry or semi-desert areas, low meadows, along rivers. The yellow flowers of Cassia Angustifolia produce a fruit comprising of 5 to 7 oval seeds, that are later used for the extraction of the polysaccharide we use. Ayurvedic use of this raw material is about the general equilibrium, the harmony between body and mind that leads to development of well-being. It is used as a blood purifier, laxative – for relieving constipation and to treat skin diseases. It also has powerful, clinically proven influence on dealing with stress in a mindful way. While, according to research, 4 in 5 of us feel stressed every day, we all face the negative consequence of this condition which is physical, psychological and cognitive impairment. The physical aspect may be visible in gaining weight or pain, the psychological – in the feeling of anxiety, depression, problems with sleep, and the cognitive one – in problems with concentration and memory. Stress has also a negative impact on skin condition, affecting mostly the skin hydration (dryness) and radiance (dull skin). It is connected with the cortisol release happening in stressful situations. The cortisol is regulated by both the brain and keratinocytes. Disruption of the cortisol synthesis in keratinocytes, caused by excessive stress, interrupts collagen and hyaluronic acid production by fibroblasts actually decreasing production of collagen and hyaluronic acid within the skin. According to BASF’s consumer study, 73% experience the lack of radiance and 39% experience the dryness of the skin when facing stressful environment. The goal of Cassia Angustifolia seed polysaccharide is to rebalance the cortisol regulators level, restore the collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis in fibroblasts and consequently increase the hydration and radiance of the skin. The in vitro and ex vivo studies by BASF, run on female volunteers aged 35-65, using exactly the same concentration of the raw material as in our LAST’s Skin Repair Serum, showed: • 61% decrease of cortisol generator • 215% increase of cortisol repressor • 99% increase of hyaluronic acid synthesis • 13% increase of collagen synthesis • 44% improvement of immediate moisturization (after 30 min) • 23,5% improvement of moisturization after 24h, outperforming hyaluronate Skin hydration was verfied with Skicon, skin radiance with Glossymeter. Benefits for skin: • pure vegetal alternative to hyaluronic acid – provides moisture longer than hyaluronic acid • improves skin moisturization and radiance • gives perceivably smoother and softer skin • interrupts the stress cycle within the skin • influences the well-being of the skin

Magnolia Officinalis Bark Extract is derived from the bark of the Magnolia officinalis tree, native to East Asia, and has been esteemed in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. In contemporary skincare, it is recognized for its potent bioactive compounds – particularly magnolol and honokiol – which offer a wide range of dermatological benefits. To begin with, Magnolia officinalis bark extract exhibits powerful antioxidant activity, effectively neutralizing free radicals and protecting skin cells from oxidative stress. This helps prevent premature skin aging and contributes to maintaining a youthful complexion. In the Rancimat test, its antioxidant capacity was found to be comparable to that of mixed tocopherols (vitamin E), which are widely regarded as highly effective antioxidants. The extract also demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory properties, helping to soothe irritated skin and reduce redness. Studies have shown that magnolol and honokiol inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing skin inflammation and supporting a calm, balanced complexion. Additionally, Magnolia officinalis bark extract has been shown to increase skin hydration and elasticity. Clinical evaluations indicate that topical application of formulations containing magnolia bark extract can improve moisture retention and skin firmness. In one study, a cream containing 0.5% magnolia extract applied over four weeks led to increased skin hydration, improved elasticity, and reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL). For reference, the concentration used in LAST formulations is 1.4%. Last but not least, Magnolia officinalis bark extract exhibits notable antimicrobial, anti-irritant, anti-acne, and anti-cariogenic properties. It has demonstrated activity against multiple pathogens, including Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis – both associated with acne – as well as Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus mutans, bacteria linked to dental caries. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 9.8 µg/mL was determined against these organisms, supporting its classification as a bacteriostatic agent. The Magnolia officinalis bark extract used in LAST formulations is 100% plant-derived, vegan, and both ECOCERT and COSMOS certified.

Pogostemon Cablin Leaf Oil – commonly known as patchouli oil – is a steam-distilled essential oil extracted from the aromatic leaves of the patchouli plant, a species native to Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia and the Philippines. Its name comes from the Tamil words: patchai (green) and ellai (leaf), reflecting its botanical heritage. Traditionally, the oil was prized for treating skin irritations, insect bites, wounds, and scarring – remedies long used in Southeast Asian medicine. Today, modern science has validated many of these ancestral uses. The key bioactive in patchouli oil, patchouli alcohol, has been shown to possess potent anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm that it inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes such as TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2, making it highly effective in calming irritated or inflamed skin. These qualities support its role in managing conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and acne. Patchouli oil also demonstrates broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy, with proven activity against skin-relevant pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Propionibacterium acnes. These effects enhance its utility in formulations designed for acne-prone, reactive, or compromised skin. Furthermore, its ability to promote collagen synthesis and upregulate VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) expression has been linked to accelerated wound healing and improved tissue regeneration. Beyond its dermatological value, Patchouli Essential Oil is also prized in aromatherapy for its calming, grounding effect on the nervous system – offering not just visible results but also a sensory experience that aligns with LAST skincare philosophies.

Lavandula Angustifolia Oil, commonly known as lavender oil, is a steam-distilled essential oil extracted from the flowering tops of the lavender plant. Renowned for its multifaceted therapeutic properties, it has been extensively studied for its applications in dermatology and skincare. Lavender oil exhibits significant antioxidant activity, effectively neutralizing free radicals and protecting the skin from oxidative stress induced by environmental factors such as UV radiation and pollution. Its anti-inflammatory properties are attributed to compounds like linalool and linalyl acetate, which have been shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing skin inflammation and redness. The oil possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, demonstrating efficacy against various bacteria and fungi, including Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. These properties contribute to its effectiveness in managing acne-prone skin and preventing infections in minor cuts and abrasions. Additionally, lavender oil has been shown to promote wound healing by enhancing tissue regeneration and stimulating the production of growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Clinical studies have indicated that topical application of lavender oil can also lead to a reduction in skin hyperpigmentation. This depigmenting effect is believed to result from the inhibition of tyrosinase activity, an enzyme critical in melanin synthesis, thereby contributing to a more even skin tone.

Neroli essential oil, coming from a steam distillation of the white blossom of the bitter orange tree Citrus Aurantium Flower. It has a characteristic elegant sweet and floral scent that blends really well with our frankincense, myrrh, copaiba and lemongrass. Used in skincare, neroli essential oil reduces inflammation, diminishes the appearance of scars. It is an uplifting, calming and anti-depressant ingredient. In aromatherapy, used mostly for relaxation, enhancing mood, reducing stress and alleviating sleep problems. According to research published in 2014  in Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, neroli oil aromatherapy had a positive impact on menopausal symptoms, stress, and estrogen in postmenopausal women visible in improved quality of life-related to menopausal symptoms, increased sexual desire, and reduced blood pressure. It is a powerful self-care ingredient, helpful whenever you need a break from the world.  

a natural ingredient, belongs to a group of poly-hydroxy acids (PHAs), derives from gluconic acid and consists of several hydroxyl groups (pairings of oxygen and hydrogen atoms). Due to a larger molecule structure than AHAs and BHAs, it doesn’t penetrate the skin so intensively. Gentle for all skin types, it is particularly recommended for people with sensitive or mature skin – even irritated or with inflammation – for whom AHAs and BHAs are too irritating. Gluconolactone naturally occurs in fruit, honey and wine. It works as an exfoliator, antioxidant, humectant (an ingredient that attracts water to the skin). Benefits for skin: improving skin tone and texture dissolving the dead cells brightening complexion hydrating, drawing water into the skin some antioxidant benefits – neutralizing free radicals, protecting skin from some of the effects of UV radiation antimicrobial properties generally safe for sensitive skin

Lactobionic acid is a next-generation AHA with a polyhydroxy structure (a so-called polyhydroxy acid). It is the oxidized form of lactose, which is derived from milk. Similarly to gluconolactone, lactobionic acid has larger molecule structure than AHAs and BHAs, therefore it is much more gentle for the skin, without causing the stinging and irritation associated with some AHAs. With lactobionic acid, only the shallow layers of the skin’s surface are receiving exfoliation, so it can be used daily and doesn’t need to be used at a low pH, which reduces irritation. Research confirms lactobionic acid brings significant improvements in clinically graded parameters, a significant reduction in mild preexisting irritation, and significant increases in skin firmness and thickness. Although it belongs to the group of gentle exfoliators, it is also a humectant moisturizer that attracts and absorbs water to the skin as well as an antioxidant, soaking up skin-damaging free radicals. A research from 2016 confirmed that lactobionic acid absorbs free radicals generated by ultraviolet exposure. Due to the increased cellular turnover rate, it brightens the skin, evens out skin tone, reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. According to latest studies, lactobionic acid also aids in the lessening of scars and hyperpigmentation. Benefits for the skin: gentle exfoliation supporting the texture, smoothing skin’s surface reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles fighting dark spots, hyperpigmentation brightening the skin increase in skin thickness via digital caliper measurements hydration of the skin an antioxidant helping to protect against further sun damage

Yeast extract is a botanical extract derived from yeast autolysis, containing a complex mixture of amino acids, peptides, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, vitamins, and minerals. Since the 1930s, it has been used in medications for its wound healing abilities. Through technological advancements, extracting a protein fraction from fermented yeast has become possible. This scientific breakthrough led to the study of yeast protein extracts, which revealed their beneficial effects on wound healing and enhanced collagen synthesis. Nowadays, more than five hundred distinct proteins have been identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with further research correlating their healing properties to peptides. As short molecules, peptides can easily penetrate the skin’s epidermis, contributing to their growing efficacy in cosmetics. On a cellular level, yeast shares many metabolic processes with humans. Some yeast strains have been used as vectors to produce human collagen in culture. Similar to the mammalian extracellular matrix, yeast contains various high molecular weight proteins, including hydroxyproline-rich regions. However, unlike mammalian tissue, yeast-derived proteins are conjugated with sugars in the form of glycoproteins. The typical carbohydrate-to-protein ratio is 3:1. Due to the presence of sugar groups, which contain abundant hydroxyl groups, yeast-derived plant collagen binds significantly more water than mammalian collagen. In skincare, yeast extract provides moisturizing, hydrating, and collagen-boosting benefits. Yeast amino acids act as humectants, while yeast-derived peptides stimulate skin healing. Its peptides up-regulate cellular growth factors that promote skin healing by stimulating angiogenesis, granulation tissue formation, and new collagen synthesis. Peptides have also been shown to function as excellent moisturizers, thanks to their ability to bind water within their structure. Additionally, yeast-derived insoluble glucan has been shown in studies to strongly inhibit adipogenic differentiation, support wound healing, and significantly reduce skin irritation. In a 4-week efficacy study of our yeast extract on the skin, moisture levels improved by 35.63% after 24 hours and by 61.62% after 4 weeks compared to the untreated control. The extract also demonstrated potent collagen synthesis activity, leading to improvements in dermal-epidermal junction integrity, tensile strength, skin elasticity, and the scaffolding matrix. It also maximized antioxidant capacity on a cellular level, allowing for the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at a rate that protects against cellular damage. This damage manifests as physical signs of aging, including wrinkles, loss of elasticity, unwanted pigmentation, uneven skin tone, and slow regeneration. The extract we use is vegan and ISO 16128 compliant.

Native to China, Tremella fuciformis, commonly known as the “snow mushroom” or “silver ear mushroom,” is renowned for its translucent, jelly-like lobes that resemble underwater coral. This mushroom has been used medicinally since at least 200 AD, prized for its role in nourishing the skin, lungs, kidneys, heart, brain, and stomach. Historically, it was reserved for royalty in ancient China. In cosmetics, Tremella fuciformis is valued for its potent antioxidant and anti-aging effects. It is a powerful moisturizing molecule, with an average molecular weight exceeding one million Daltons (>1000 kDa). Tremella fuciformis extract is considered a plant-based alternative to hyaluronic acid – though it offers superior moisturizing properties due to its greater water-holding capacity. Unlike hyaluronic acid, it forms a stronger protective film that does not cause skin tightening or flaking. Thanks to the hydrophobic properties of the film, it provides better hydration and leaves the skin feeling soft and silky. The Tremella fuciformis extract we use in LAST is clinically proven to increase skin hydration by an average of 64.41% after just 3 hours, outperforming hyaluronic acid. Research has demonstrated that Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides enhance skin hydration by promoting the expression of key moisturizing genes (AQP3, FLG, CASP14), allowing for better water exchange between cells. This contributes to increased moisture levels, improved skin elasticity and resilience. Tremella’s polysaccharides also stimulate superoxide dismutase (SOD), a critical enzyme that protects against wrinkles and sagging. Additionally, it shows significant free radical scavenging abilities, offering immediate protection and leaving the skin smooth right after application.

Hibiscus Sabdariffa Fruit Extract is an organic extract derived from a unique Australian Wild Rosella plant, known for its exceptional drought resistance and high betaine content. This extract is specifically formulated for mature skin, as it restores age-dependant osmolyte activity and promote rapid and effective hydration. By stimulating organic osmolytes cellular intake, it provides osmo-hydration that addresses the root cause of skin dryness. Notably, it delivers immediate and long-lasting moisturizing effect up to 72h after single application. By stimulating the production of organic osmolytes and their specific transporter (TauT), Hibiscus Sabdariffa Fruit Extract accelerates keratinocytes water intake and recovery. It restores the skin barrier function by increasing lipid production, enhancing tight junction proteins, and boosting the thickness of the Stratum corneum, thereby preventing further water loss. Moreover, it has the ability to re-hydrate dry skin cells, combating and providing protection against drying-induced cell shrinkage. The extract we use is derived from bio-based sources, COSMOS certified, vegan and free from preservatives.

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate is derived from licorice root extract. This salt form of glycyrrhizic acid has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin brightening properties. It helps to reduce redness and irritation caused by various skin conditions such as eczema, rosacea, and acne. It has also been shown to have a soothing effect on the skin, making it an effective ingredient for those with sensitive skin. It helps to prevent premature aging by protecting the skin against free radical damage caused by UV radiation, pollution, and other environmental stressors. It also has skin brightening properties. It can help to inhibit the production of melanin, which can reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation. This makes Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate an effective ingredient for those looking to improve the overall tone and texture of their skin.

Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid naturally present in the skin and body, where it plays a vital role in maintaining skin health and structure. In skincare formulations, it is valued not only for its moisturizing and protective qualities but also for its ability to support the skin’s natural repair processes and strengthen the barrier function. As a key component of the skin’s Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF), arginine enhances skin hydration by attracting and retaining water within the stratum corneum. This makes it especially effective in improving skin elasticity, softness, and overall resilience. Clinical studies have shown that topical arginine helps reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL), resulting in visibly more hydrated and supple skin. Arginine offers potent antioxidant properties, helping to neutralize free radicals that contribute to premature aging. By reducing oxidative stress, it supports the skin’s defenses against environmental aggressors, preserving both texture and tone. It also plays a crucial role in wound healing and tissue regeneration. As a precursor to nitric oxide (NO) – a molecule essential for vasodilation and immune modulation – it supports microcirculation and cellular repair. It also promotes collagen synthesis, making it especially beneficial in formulations targeting sensitive, damaged, or aging skin by helping to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. The Arginine used in LAST formulations is 100% plant-derived, produced through natural fermentation. It is vegan, Halal-certified, and COSMOS-approved.

Glycerin is a substance found naturally in skin, skin-replenishing and skin-restoring. It functions as a humectant – a type of moisturising agent – which works by attracting and retaining water from the atmosphere to hydrate the outermost layer of the skin, called stratum corneum. This properties of Glycerin helps to maintain skin moisture, improve skin elasticity and prevent dryness and roughness. The moisturizing action of Glycerin involves its interaction with the skin’s natural moisturizing factor (NMF). The NMF comprises various substances, such as amino acids, lactate, urea, and sugars, which are responsible for maintaining the skin’s hydration balance. Glycerin acts as a hygroscopic agent by attracting water molecules from the surrounding environment and binding them to the components of NMF, resulting in enhanced water retention within the skin. Additionally, Glycerin plays a crucial role in improving the skin’s barrier function. It strengthens the intercellular lipid matrix of the stratum corneum, which acts as a protective barrier against environmental stressors and helps to prevent water loss from the skin. By reinforcing the barrier function, glycerin helps to maintain the skin’s integrity and protect it from external irritants and pollutants.

Squalane is a saturated hydrocarbon derived from the hydrogenation of squalene – a lipid that makes up over 10% of natural human sebum. This transformation stabilizes the molecule, preventing oxidation while preserving its skin-affinity and emollient properties. Though present in smaller amounts in the skin, squalane closely mimics its lipid structure, making it exceptionally biocompatible. Lightweight and fast-absorbing, squalane functions as a high-performance emollient. It restores the skin’s lipid barrier, improves elasticity, and provides deep, lasting hydration without a greasy feel. Clinical studies confirm its ability to reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and reinforce moisture retention, contributing to smoother, more resilient skin. In addition to its moisturizing benefits, squalane offers potent antioxidant protection. In vitro studies show that it counteracts UVA-induced oxidative stress in dermal fibroblasts by modulating stress markers and activating protective cellular pathways – supporting its role in the prevention of premature aging. The squalane used in LAST formulations is 100% plant-derived, vegan, COSMOS-approved, and sustainably produced from sugarcane via biotechnology. It meets the highest standards for purity, efficacy, and environmental responsibility.

Erythritol is a natural compound that occurs in certain fruits and fermented foods. It acts as a humectant, attracting and retaining moisture from the surrounding environment. By increasing the hydration levels of the outermost layer of the skin, known as the stratum corneum, erythritol helps to improve skin moisturization, enhance elasticity, and prevent dryness and roughness. In addition to its humectant properties, erythritol serves as an antioxidant. It works by neutralizing harmful free radicals that can be generated due to factors like UV radiation, pollution and environmental stressors. By scavenging these free radicals, erythritol protects the skin from oxidative damage, thereby contributing to the maintenance of healthy and youthful appearance. Erythritol also possesses mild exfoliating properties, promoting skin renewal and improving overall skin texture. Its gentle exfoliation aids in the removal of dead skin cells, revealing a smoother and more radiant complexion.

Lysolecithin (Hydrolysed lecithin) is a natural emulsifier, improving the moisturization effect and allowing active ingredients to be absorbed by the skin without altering the dermal barrier’s lipid structure. Combined with polysaccharides and silica from our Skin Repair Serum formulation, it provides smooth, sophisticated skin feel and hydration. Benefits for skin: • promotes the delivery of active ingredients into the skin • maintains the skin’s natural lipid structures • gives smooth, pleasant feeling after the application    

Leuconostoc/Radish Root Ferment comes from fermenting Raphanus sativus (radish) roots with a microorganism – Leuconostoc – a bacteria from lactic acid. It is a plant extract and a preservative, protecting skincare formulations from harmful substances which could contaminate the cosmetic or alter its effectiveness. Benefits for skin: • natural bioferment • anti-fungal, antimicrobial ingredient, protects the formulation • improves moisturization properties  

Pentylene glycol is a part of the 1,2-glycol family of ingredients, safe for use even with sensitive skin. It is a multi functional ingredient with conditioning properties, moisturizing skin, giving it a long lasting smoothing effect. Able to simultaneously act as a preservative, pentylene glycol is also having antimicrobial effect in products. Benefits for skin: • a humectant with moisturizing properties • antimicrobial ingredient

Oil soluble vitamin C – Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate – is a multifunctonal vitamin C derivative with highest stability and fastest skin penetration among all the vitamin C derivates. It is safe and non iritating even to sensitive skin. It exhibits percutaneous absorption and effectively converts into free vitamin C in the skin to perform various physiological functions. Oil soluble vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant reducing free radicals and protecting cells, as well as an anti-inflammatory agent, effective in treating and preventing acne. It can provide collagen synthesis with anti-wrinkle properties and keep the skin firm. It also inhibits melanogenesis – reduces the melanine amount, presenting anti-pigmentation, age-spot reduction efficacy. Benefits for skin: • powerful antioxidant • effectiveness in anti-pigmentation, age-spot reduction • prevents lipid peroxidation • accelerates the production and synthesis of collagen • superior skin penetration • photoprotective effectiveness (UVB) + reduction of sun damage

Vitamin B3 is a water – soluble vitamin also known as niacinamide and nicotinamide. It is one of the most extraordinary skincare ingredients with multi functional, clinically proven activity, non-sensitizing, well tolerated by all skin types, even with rosacea. Niacinamide boosts the hydrating properties of moisturizes, improves skin’s appearance by reducing pigment spots and evening skin tone. It enhances skin’s ability to absorb and neutralize free radicals – a molecules that either lost or gained an extra electron and are unstable and highly reactive. When present in larger amounts, they can damage healthy cells. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) – a molecule present in niacin (and niacinamide) – is able to contribute an extra electron to those unpaired one so that they rest neutral to the skin condition. This sbility to repair damage is followed by the vitamin’s B effectiveness in supporting the skin in production of strengthening ceramides – lipids that help maintain the skin’s protective barrier – what results in renewal and restoration of the skin surface against dehydration and moisture loss. By strengthening skin’s barrier, niacinamide reduces the impact of environmental damage and helps skin recover from the past damage, treat pigmentation issues, diminish wrinkles and fine lines. It also has a positive impact on pores – normalizing the production of sebum, reducing the size, tightening of skin pores. When it comes to actual health of the skin, according to the study from 2015 published in the New England Journal of Medicine, niacinamide has proven effectiveness in preventing skin cancer. Among the 386 participants of the study, all with at least two non-melanoma skin cancer within last five years and therefore a high chance of developing another one – there were 23% fewer cases of new cancer among the patients who received niacinamide (336 cancers), compared to those who received the placebo (463 cancers). Benefits for skin: • increases hydration, reduces transepidermal water loss • increases skin elasticity and reduce fine lines • reduces pigment spots • visibly minimizes enlarged pores and tightens lax pores • provides skin lightening effect, reduce dullness • supports the production of ceramides strengthening the surface of skin • reduces the damage of skin • allows skin to absorb and neutralize free radicals • has anti-inflammatory properties

Sapindus Mukorossi, also known as Soapnut or Reetha, is a fruit-bearing tree native to the Himalayan region, long valued in traditional medicine for its natural cleansing and insecticidal properties. Today, its fruit extract is embraced in modern dermo-cosmetic formulations for its rich composition of bioactive compounds – especially triterpenoid saponins – that provide gentle yet effective cleansing and skin-soothing benefits. This multifunctional botanical ingredient supports healthy, balanced skin and scalp. Versatile, mild, and moisturizing, it has been proven to deliver lasting hydration while maintaining the skin’s natural barrier. Among the broad range of clinically recognized benefits, Sapindus Mukorossi fruit extract is not only a natural surfactant but also demonstrates potent antimicrobial activity. It has shown up to 99% inhibition rates against common skin pathogens such as Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Thanks to the presence of phytosterols like β-sitosterol and antioxidants such as δ-tocopherol, it also exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects – helping to calm irritated skin and protect against oxidative stress and environmental damage. The extract used in LAST formulations is 100% natural, vegan, and COSMOS-approved, ensuring the highest standards of purity, efficacy, and sustainability.

  Benefits for skin:  

Tea seed extract is derived from Camellia Sinensis – Pu’er tea, growing in southwestern Yunnan. It is the evergreen shrub or small tree which leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. The tea tree needs 4 years to grow and 7 years to bear fruit. The ones we use for the production of tea seed extract were planted in 1940s. Saponins are the key active ingredient of the extract. They are 100% natural and organic, function as solubilizers with high foam performance and emulsifying properties. Antifungal and antiseborrhoic, they have a clinically proven strong inhibitory effect on Candida albicans, which indicated it is also suitable for feminine care products. They can also effectively inhibit Aspergillus niger, preventing mildew and retain product value. As a natural deoxidizer, tea saponins can not only eliminate exogenous oxygen free radicals, but also prevent the production of endogenous oxygen free radicals. They also have inhibitory effect on leukotriene D4 – one of the slow reaction substances of allergies, an important regulatory factor in many diseases such as inflammation and asthma, which can increase the permeability of blood vessels and cause the contraction of smooth muscles and bronchi. Our tea seed extract is delicate for skin and give the gentle rinse feeling, leaving the skin refreshed, soft and non-dry. The saponins we use are COSMOS, HALAL, VEGAN certified. Benefits for skin: • antifungal • antimicrobial • antioxidant • anti-inflammatory • balancing sebum production

Bergamot Fruit Oil we use at LAST comes from the Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Fruit. It is the furocoumarin free (FCF) essential oil, steam distilled from the fruits of wild harvested bergamot orange trees growing in Italy. The oil is used in aromatherapy against psychological stress, due to it’s calming and soothing influence on the mood and well-being. Simultaneously, it is uplifting, dissipates anxiety and nervous tension. It relieves mood disorders by signaling the brain to release dopamine and serotonine. A research from 2015, run by E.Watanabe on 41 healthy females, confirmed that inhaling bergamot oil has positive influence on mood states, parasympathetic nervous system activity and salivary cortisol levels. In skincare, bergamot oil is used for the purifying properties. The several compounds of bergamot fruit oil (like polyphenols) are antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. Linalool and carvacrol can influence the pain response and have analgesic, anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory capabilities, what was also confirmed in research from 2017, published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences.

The lemongrass essential oil used in LAST formulations comes from wild harvested grass of West Indian Cymbopogon Citratus Leaves. After drying on sun, the lemongrass goes through a steam distillation process delivering the essential oil, while the used grass is being fed to the cattle (zero waste). One of the main components of lemongrass essential oil are citral (70-80%) – with antiseptic, antimicrobial, antiviral qualities – and limonene, known for reducing inflammation. The other ingredients include hydrocarbon terpenes, alcohols, ketones, esters and mainly aldehydes. It is used as a medicinal herb in India. Lemongrass essential oil is a source of essential vitamins such as vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, folate and vitamin C. It also provides essential minerals such as magnesium, phosphorous, manganese, copper, potassium, calcium, zinc and iron. The oil can be used in healing skin conditions – its’ pain-killing activity suggests that lemongrass can be used to soothe irritations. It can also strengthen your skin tissues, sterilize pores and serve as a natural toner. With it’s antioxidant properties, the lemongrass essential oil has the ability to fight free radicals, the root cause of akin ageing. According to the New York Institute of Aromatic Studies, “it acts particularly on the connective tissue, where structural and immune functions meet. Lemongrass acts on the lymphatic capillaries and vessels draining away from the skin so it is useful in edema and lymphatic congestion.” In aromatherapy, lemongrass essential oil may have an anxiolytic effect, crutial in relieving anxiety, stress and irritability. When rubbed into skin, it can alleviate headaches. In our formula, it is used for relaxation, boosting mood and comfort.

The natural epidermal barrier is partly composed of lipidic layers that regulate transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and maintain overall moisture balance. These layers consist of ceramides (40%), free fatty acids (25%) and cholesterol (25%). Ceramides are lipid molecules that naturally occur in the skin and play a crucial role in keeping the skin hydrated, preventing moisture loss, and maintaining the skin barrier, which protects against environmental damage. Ceramide NP, also known as Ceramide 3, is a dermo-mimetic ceramide, one of several types found naturally in the skin. It acts as a biocompatible “cement” that bonds skin cells in a fluid, elastic mode, enhancing skin smoothness and elasticity. It is used for its skin-repairing and moisturizing properties, making it especially valuable for treating dry, sensitive, or damaged skin. Ceramide NP helps restore the skin barrier, improving skin elasticity and reducing the appearance of wrinkles. Research shows that formulations containing Ceramide NP improve the look and feel of dry or dehydrated skin due to its water retention properties. This active ingredient reinforces the skin’s barrier, helping it resist external stressors. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, Ceramide NP has been shown to diminish the appearance of wrinkles, enhance skin elasticity, and increase smoothness. In vitro tests demonstrate its protective effect against pollutant-induced oxidative stress, while in vivo tests confirm improvements in skin softness, elasticity, and a reduction in wrinkle number and depth.

Phytol is derived from moss, the first plants on Earth with unique ability to adapt fast enough to climate change and survive 470 million years until today. The features enabling moss to be resistant to cold and drought were mainly aquaporins for water balance, rehydrins for desiccation tolerance/fast regeneration, ability to repair DNA (resurrection mechanisms), waterbinding metabolites such as stachyose and antifreeze proteins and cryoprotectants. Phytol, coming from physcomitrella patens, culture extract with isomalt is the first biotechnologically produced moss which is obtained in a reproducible and sustainable way. It introduces new anti-aging concept based on cell nucleus health. The ingredient has powerful impact on skin. It rejuvenates the nuclear pore complex and improves the molecular traffic into and out of the nucleus in aged cells. It therefore helps the skin to quickly adapt to environmental changes. It significantly improves skin moisture, even in stressful conditions, strengthens skin resilience against urban aggressors, improves skin hydration, provides visible improvement of skin homogeneity, refines skin and creates a flawless complexion. Phytol also supports the activity of all other anti-aging actives which work through stimulation of gene expression. The raw material is approved by ECOCERT GREENLIFE in accordance with COSMOS Standard. It was rewarded internationally: Gold Award at Innovation Zone Best Ingredient in-cosmetics Global, Gold Award at Innovation Zone Best Ingredient in-cosmetics North America, Gold Award at BSB Innovation Prize, 3rd Prize at Sepawa Innovation Prize INCI: Phytol, Isomalt, Aqua

Santalum Album extract is a 100% natural, vegan, COSMOS compliant and biodegradable plant-derived bioactive ingredient obtained from upcycled wood chips to help defy skin aging. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its various benefits for the skin, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and soothing properties. It brings a new approach to well-aging through skin olfactory receptors. Clinically proven to reduce the skin olfactory signature of aging (S-VOCs specific to aging), it captures selective forest VOCs from the sandalwood and enhances skin OR2AT4 olfactory receptors shown to decrease with age and air pollution. Santalwood is the first biofunctional to be developed with Artificial Intelligence (Al) for a better aging that helps to transform skin’s appearance from dull and lifeless to vibrant and glowing. It is designed to help reduce inflammation, which can lead to premature aging and other skin issues. It enhances skin ceramide synthase and filaggrin in dry skin condition. It reduces skin cell senescence, increases cell longevity and helps mitigate air pollution damage. It adds to the allure of skin with clinically proven benefits for regeneration, firmness, luminosity and anti-wrinkles. It also helps to protect the skin from environmental stressors, such as air pollutants and UV radiation. Benefits for skin: • brings the well aging and regenerating benefits of sandalwood through OR2AT4 olfactory receptors • increases cell longevity and reduces cell senescence • enhances skin ceramide synthase and filaggrin in dry skin condition • mitigates air pollution damage  • clinically tested on skin firmness, skin luminosity and skin wrinkles • clinically proven to reduce the skin olfactory signature of aging INCI: Octyldodecanol (and) Santalum Album (Sandalwood) Wood Extract

Picea Mariana Bark Extract is a high-tech, 100% natural extract sourced from black spruce bark – an extreme Canadian survivor tree and the only species able to survive in the Tundra due to its resistance to very cold temperatures. As a skincare ingredient, it provides total, biomimetic protection against environmental aggressions, deeply hydrates the skin and repairs skin damage. In ancestral traditions, Picea Mariana was topically used to prevent inflammation, including psoriasis, relieve back pain, treat stomach aches and combat feelings of general weakness. It is a rich source of resveratrol, containing 6x more resveratrol compared to well-known grape seed extracts, and various polyphenols for the skin, giviing it strong antioxidant properties. It fights dehydration caused by cold temperatures, winds, pollution and oxidation by scavenging targeted free radicals. At LAST, we use it in combination with Glycerin, with which it defends the skin against environmental stressors, increases skin hydration and shields it from pollution and oxidation. It acts as a protective shield against photo-aging by absorbing UV rays, reducing the risks of UV exposure side effects. It also acts as a UV protective booster, targeting the tree major free radicals generated by chronic exposure to the sun. The extract has a soothing effect, demonstrated by its capacity to inhibit inflammatory markers. It can trap nitric oxide, a main component of air pollution, making it a good candidate to combat environmental stressors. It also acts as a soothing agent, maintaining the integrity of the skin’s barrier function and keeping the skin naturally moisturized. It provides natural hydration and can be applied to sensitized or sensitive skin, as well as skin with atopic tendencies. The extract we use a LAST is preservative-free, COSMOS certified, and obtained through eco-friendly and effective circular economy process. 

Lactobacillus Ferment is a natural, probiotic ingredient obtained through the fermentation process of the microorganism Lactobacillus. Lactobacillus Ferment possesses powerful conditioning and antimicrobial properties. It actively combats the bacteria present on the skin that can cause infection and inflammation. By creating an inhospitable environment for harmful bacteria and fungi,  it effectively inhibits their growth in formulations. It plays a vital role in reducing redness and the size of active spots and breakouts. Additionally, it soothes and calms inflammations, while restoring balance to the skin’s protective microflora. It keeps the skin’s barrier at its healthiest state, enhancing its resilience and therefore protecting the skin against environmental aggressors. It offers immediate relief to dry, tight and irritated skin, bringing back the calm and comfort. In addition to its beneficial properties, Lactobacillus Ferment serves as a natural preservative, effectively extending the shelf life of products.

Almond, borage, linseed, olive glycerides are a blend of olive oil, almond oil, linseed oil, borage seed oil treated with Enzymatic Activation of Vegetable Oil Technology. This innovative technology is able to break up triglycerides into their constituents (fatty acids and glycerides), releasing all the energy entrapped in vegetable oil. The new composition of the phytocomplex has obvious effects on the properties of the actual product which is also much more antioxidant (+114%) than the starting oils. Almond, borage, linseed, olive glycerides are all rich in valuable fatty acids like oleic acid and palmitic acid. They also contain the linoleic and alpha-linoleic essential fatty acids and substances known for their metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects, such as gamma-linoleic acid. The glycerides are able to nourish, moisturise and increase the elasticity of the skin also reducing stretch-marks. Clinically proven benefits for the skin: • Increased skin elasticity (in vivo test) • Improved skin moisturization (in vivo test) • Quicker absorption (in vivo test) • Reduced greasiness (in vivo test) • Anti-stretch mark effect (in vivo test)  • Increased hair elasticity (ex vivo test) The data show that the complex is able to notably improve the condition of the skin, increasing moisturization after just one week of treatment (+ 16.5% vs. t 0). After two weeks, the level of moisturization rises to +21 % with respect to time zero. Another study showed that after 30 days of treatment, the stretch marks were more than 30% smoother compared to time zero. The complex can quickly improve the elasticity and smoothness of the stretched skin and has an anti-inflammatory effect, reducing redness with continuous use. Manufactured in Italy.

Olive Glycerides are all natural, vegan skincare ingredient derived from the by-products of the olive oil (Olea europaea) production. These are esters formed through trans-esterification or direct esterification of glycerin with fatty acids. They serve as humectants, effectively retaining moisture in cosmetic formulations, enhancing skin hydration and balance. Additionally, they function as emulsifiers, stabilizing mixtures of oil and water by reducing interfacial tension, allowing for the incorporation of both aqueous and oily ingredients in products. Olive Glycerides also possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to skin barrier repair and overall skin health. In LAST formulations, olive glycerides are always combined with dermo-mimetic Ceramide NP, to enhance skin barrier function and restore the skin’s natural lipid balance. This combination synergistically mimics the structure and function of the skin’s natural barrier, providing deep hydration while reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL). The pairing of olive glycerides with Ceramide NP supports skin repair, soothes irritation, and reinforces the protective barrier, making it ideal for sensitive and compromised skin conditions.

Shea Butter Ethyl Esters is a 100% naturally derived, eco-friendly emollient created from sustainable, renewable shea sources. Known for its exceptional versatility, this vegan and biodegradable ingredient provides a silky, lightweight feel while enhancing the performance of various formulations. Its unique wetting, dispersing, and solubilizing properties make it ideal for tackling challenging applications in skincare, ensuring smooth texture and effective ingredient delivery. The Shea Butter Ethyl Esters we use at LAST are Kosher, Halal, certified by NATRUE and COSMOS and compliant with REACH and China regulations.

Hemp seed oil, Cannabis Sativa Seed Oil is made of hemp seeds, unlike the CBD that comes from hemp leaves, stalks and flowers. The seeds come from the hemp plants, a cannabis plants cultivated for non-drug use. The oil is legally and used in large quantity for cosmetics, nutritional supplementation and skin oils. The one we use in LAST formulations is cold pressed. is an ingredient rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids: regenerative and anti-inflammatory linoleic acid, alpha and gamma linolenic acids (GLA), omega-6, omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids. It repairs and strengthens the skin barrier, acts also as a humectant, meaning it keeps the moisture inside. It is suitable in the regenerative and soothing skin care. Especially gamma linolenic acids act as a powerful anti-inflammatory, simultaneously encouraging new cell generation, what improves the condition of skin with acne, psoriasis and other irritations. Hemp seed oil aids in hydrating, soothing and repairing mature and damaged skin. It reduces inflammation, hydrates, regulates oil production. Hemp oil can be used by all skin types, it doesn’t clog the pores, moreover it balances the production of sebum    

Jojoba seed oil, sometimes called Jojoba wax is a non-fragrant, all-natural, great emollient extracted from the seeds of a perennial shrub. Due to it’s similarity to the oil (sebum) human skin produces, it is a perfect ingredient for all the skin types – rich in vitamins A, D and E, as well as antioxidants, working as a natural conditioner. It is also filled in monounsaturated fatty acids and has a low saponification value. The one you find in our formulations is a cold pressed jojoba seed oil golden. Jojoba oil is light (unlike other highly saturated oils) and one of the best skin absorbers – research has proved it can even reach the corneal layer, providing maximum nourishment for skin. It is known for enhancing skin’s restorative properties. The high content of wax esters makes jojoba oil a good repair option for skin problems with altered skin barriers. It calms eczema via its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as an ability to restore a compromised skin barrier. It is naturally antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic (able to relieve pain), hypoallergenic and has anti-inflammatory effect as well. INCI: Simmondsia Chinensis Seed Oil

Argan oil comes from the kernels, growing on the argan trees native to Morocco. It has traditionally been used both topically and orally to improve the health of skin, hair and nails. Argan oil is characterised by the predominance of oleic and linoleic acid as unsaturated fatty acids. This oil has anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties because of linoleic acid and antioxidative activity due to phytosterols and squalane. Thus it helps to prevent or treat conditions like rosacea, psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. It has both antibacterial and fungicidal properties and supports the treatment of acne by effectively regulating amounts of sebum on the skin. Owing to the presence of vitamin E and antioxidants, argan oil is often used as a moisturizer and supporter of healing wounds. It leaves the skin smooth and calm. It also works as an antioxidant, helping to protect the skin against free radical damage caused by the sun, supporting prevention of burns and hyperpigmentation. A study with postmenopausal participants found that a combination of oral and cosmetic argan oil led to a significant increase in elasticity of the skin. INCI: Argania Spinosa Kernel Oil

Perilla seed oil, also known as Chinese melisse and wild sesame, is a member of the mint family, derived from the seeds of perilla ocymoides naturally growing in Asia. Each seed contains approx. 35-45% oil consisting of triacylglycerides, sterol esters and sterols (91.2-93.9%), glycolipids (3.9-5.8%) and phospholipids (2-3%). It has high contents of tocopherol but above all, it is one of the richest sources of regenerative omega-3 fatty acid: alpha-linoleinic acid (ca. 60%). Perilla oil may be used for dry, sensitive, mature and oily skin, mostly due to it’s non-fatty skin feel and a very rapid absorption. Due to the abundance of linoleic acid, it demonstrates excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory qualities. It is effective in atopic dermatitis as well as in acne-treatment. Above all, perilla seed oil works perfectly for aging skin – soothing, repairing and providing powerful antioxidant protection. Being potent antioxidant, rich in flavones, it supports the prevention of free-radical-induced damage to the skin cells, which can result in premature aging. Acting as a natural precursor for ceramides, perilla oil may play a role in maintaining the skin barrier to protect against water loss. INCI: Perilla Ocymoides Seed Oil

Rosehip seed oil, also know as Rosehip oil, is derived from the rosa canina rose bush (fruits and seeds), growing mostly in Chile. It is well renowned and valuable ingredient used from the ancient times, due to its skin-nourishing properties. Rosehip oil is mostly precious for it’s high content of regenerative essential fatty acids: linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid. It is also rich in vitamin A derivative, vitamins B1, B2, B3 and K, carotenoids with antioxidative properties and phenols that have been shown to have antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. All that give the rosehip oil unique regenerative and healing properties. Rosehip seed oil is recommended for the care of irritated, sensitive and mature skin. It is a powerful moisturizer and emollient – it softens the skin and improves the barrier function. It is clinically proven to increases collagen production and skin elasticity after 8 weeks of usage. It works perfectly for acne prone skins, which are – according to the research –  deficient in rosehip oil’s specific fatty acid and its topical application can reduce the size of blemishes. It calms inflammation, linoleic acid has also been found to brighten, even out skin tone and help treat hyperpigmentation. INCI: Rosa Canina Fruit Oil

Tetrapeptide-4 it is a new biomimetic tetrapeptide which provides increased skin density and challenges the effect of gravity through self stimulating production of connective tissue components to maintain a youthful appearance and defy gravity. As the loss of skin resistance increases with biological age, independently of gender, region and other conditions, Tetrapeptide-4 comes in hand by decreasing the degradation of collagen, fibronectin and elastin turnover, preventing the increased wrinkling, loss of skin elasticity and sagging of connective tissue. The biomimetic amino acid sequence of the tetrapeptide shows convincing performance with regard to the increase of collagen and improvement of skin resilience. The nature of the amino acid sequence triggers skin’s own production of new ECM components thus shifting the turnover back to normal and delaying visible signs of skin aging. Benefits for skin: • reduction of wrinkles’ depth and volume • uplifting of facial contours • supporting collagen, fibronectin and elastin production

Boswellia Serrata Extract used in our Skin Repair Serum is refined from a tree resin used in Ayurveda, utilizing an eco-friendly supercritical CO2 extraction process. It is a low odor extract that concentrates the two most potent triterpenoids in boswellic extracts: 11-keto-boswellic acid and acetyl-11-keto-boswellic acid. It is COSMOS compliant. The extract we use was standardized for the presence of boswellic acids and contains at least 65% of them. The boswellic acids have demonstrated powerful anti-GAGase activity. They are also potent inhibitor of elastase and cathepsin D, what makes them a great support to maintaining firm, youthful skin (the claim is supported by the results of a clinical trial in which panelists’ skin was 15% more elastic after 28 days) and improving barrier function. As an anti-inflamatory agent, the purified boswellic acids effectively inhibit 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme responsible for the production of inflammatory mediators in the Arachidonic Acid Cascade, and prevent the release of pro-inflammatory leukotriene B4 from neutrophils. It makes them perfect for sensitive or chronically inflamed skin.      

Nephelium lappaceum is an evergreen tree of about 4 to 20 meters high, growing in south Asian countries such as Vietnam, Thailand and China. Its principal trunk is erected with an open crown of large branches. The bark is slightly rough, greyish or red. The hairy fruit – called rambutan – is mainly red, but they can be also yellow, orange and pink. The tree can live up to 100 years. Nephelium leaf extract rejuvenates the skin by strengthening the synthesis of crucial dermal fibers: collagen and elastic fibers. It acts on dermal fiber synthesis as well as on the proper assembly of the fibers for less wrinkles and improved elasticity. Nephelium leaf extract is known as a natural alternative to retinol which rejuvenates mature skin through biological pathways similar to this ingredient, with a broader scope of action and without the drawbacks. It improves skin elasticity (+19%) and helps to reduce wrinkles (-15%).

Rhodiola rosea root extract, also known as arctic root or golden root extract, belongs to the family of Crassulaceae. It grows in the Arctic latitudes and northern mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. Rhodiola’s roots and rhizomes are the parts used for the production of the extract. Containing more than 140 active ingredients, with the most potent: rosavins (Rosavin, Rosin and Rosarin), flavonoids and chlorogenic acids, it was used for centuries in European and Asiatic traditional medicine to treat anxiety, fatigue and depression. Modern research confirmed rhodiola rosea increases the body’s resistance to any type of stress by regulating the hormonal response. Rhodiola rosea is clinically proven to stimulate the production of ß-endorphins in the skin (raising the ß-endorphins level in skin more than 4 times!) . It induces ß-endorphin biosynthesis by stimulating central and peripheral receptors, not only providing the well-being sensation of the skin, but also improving general mood and physical condition, in pain relief, reducing stress, strengthening the immune system and producing euphoria. Arctic root visibly improves the appearance of the skin. Its antioxidant properties protect against free radicals-induced damage. Other skin care applications are: anti-stress, relaxation, well-being, anti-aging.

Coenzyme q10, also known as ubiquinone, is a naturally produced bodily enzyme, found in every cell of the human body. After 20 years of age, due to aging and stress, the ability to produce q10 slows down and our natural supplies diminish. When included in skincare formulations, coenzyme q10 can energize cell activity which is necessary to repair damage as well as remove toxins and make better use of nutrients. Acting as a potent antioxidant, q10 helps to protect the skin at the molecular level from oxidative stress (precisely: free radicals) and damaging effects of the sun. It also plays a huge role in evening out the skin tone, as it blocks tyrosinase, which helps with the production of melanin. Due to its ability to stimulate collagen and elastin production, coenzyme q10 can influence the diminish of wrinkles depth. Benefits for skin: • one of the fundamental antioxidants • vital in energy production in cells • evens skin tone • reduces sun damage • replenishes skin cells • improves skin hydration • protects from oxidative stress • diminish wrinkles

Carnosine is a peptide, two amino acid (β-Ala-His). Carnosine is naturally present in high concentrations in human brain and muscle tissues, although the ingredient used in skincare is biomimetic (produced in the laboratory). It is multi-functional, anti-aging, with powerful antioxidant properties that stimulate collagen synthesis, and support firmness and skin elasticity. As demonstrated by dr Leonard Hayflick in 1961, the human fibroblasts have the option of dividing itself 60 to 80 times. On average, fibroblasts of young people divide 30 to 40 times, while those of the older people – only 10 to 20 times. Carnosine extends the average life of fibroblasts in cultures, destroys their transformed shapes and protects against aldehydes. It also prevents the effects of glycation, which is a process of crosslinking of proteins and sugars happening when too much sugar is being delivered to our body, resulting in damaged body proteins, forming non-functioning structures in the body and multiplied wrinkles. Benefits for skin: • antioxidant with wound healing activity • stimulates collagen synthesis • extends the average life of fibroblasts • has anti-glycation properties • effective against the damages caused by infrared (IR) radiation  

Acerola, also known as Barbados Cherries or Wild Crype Myrtles, is a superfruit growing naturally in Central and South America, Africa and Canary Islands. It is an anti-inflammatory ingredient with antioxidant benefits, an all-natural alternative source of Vitamin C, containing 65 times more Vitamin C than an orange. It is also rich in Vitamin A, containing 1017 IU of Carotene for every 100 grams, and has over 150 phyto-nutrients including Vitamin B, beta-carotene and magnesium, as well as multitude of minerals. Acerola is also a source of hydrating polysaccharides and anthocyanins, a parent class of flavanoids, giving it the anti-inflammatory properties (flavanoids serve as a protectant property for the skin’s defense against photo-aging). Fermenting acerola with Lactobacillus enhances the bio-availability for use in cosmetics. Acerola Cherry Ferment encourages hydrated, supple skin, increases the body’s ability to repair tissues. It improves the skin tone by strengthening blood vessels and improving blood microcirculation. It is the perfect ingredient to nourish the skin, keep it flawless, radiant and naturally bright. Benefits for skin: • anti-inflammatory, antioxidant • deeply hydrating • increasing skin’s ability to repair tissues • improving the skin tone • strengthening blood vessels and improving blood microcirculation • nourishing

Rosmarinus Officinalis leaf extract comes from the popular herb, also used in foods. The extract we use in LAST skincare is manufactured in Italy. Fresh Rosemary leaf is put through a supercritical CO2 extraction process and then infused into sunflower oil for increased solubility. Rosemary contains lots of chemicals, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and diterpenes. The most valuable components of rosemary leaf extract are rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid, both with potent anitoxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, having a calming effect on skin, useful for mitigating several common skin issues. They also have anti-bacterial, astringent and toning properties.

Vitamin E comprises a family of natural forms: tocopherols and tocotrienol. It’s found naturally in our bodies. The name tocopherol comes from Greek: “tocos” meaning offspring and “phero” meaning to bring forth. It is one of the most known ingredients addressing the area of skin repair, cellular restoration, healing support for burns and scars (although the efficacy of the latest wasn’t proved as high as it was expected). Tocopherol is a lipohilic antioxidant, used in dermatology for over 50 years. It works anti-inflammatory, calms the skin, smoothes it’s surface, increases the hydration, stimulates regeneration. Being a free-radical scavenger, vitamin E protects the skin from negative effects of solar radiation and air pollution. Experimental studies suggest that vitamin E has photoprotective and antitumorigenic properties. Even though vitamin E, same as vitamin C, is included in many cosmetic formulations, it is rarely actually effective due to the vitamins’ stability – compromised whenever the product is opened and exposed to light and air. In LAST Skin Repair Serum we use stable forms of vitam E and vitamin C in high concentrations. This is where they inhibit the acute UV damage as well as chronic UV photoaging and skin cancer. Benefits for skin: • supporting skin repair, cellular restoration • healing support for burns and scars • antioxidant, anti-inflammatory • hydrating • stimulating regeneration • calming, smoothing

Phytic acid (phytate) is a natural ingredient found in plant seeds. All edible grains, legumes, nuts and seeds contain it in varying quantities, and small amounts are also found in roots and tubers. It is the gentlest AHA (alpha hydroxy acid), meaning is supports mild exfoliation of dead cells, but what differentiates it from other AHAs is its antioxidant properties. Phytic acid supports neutralization of free radical damage in the skin, it moisturizes skin and accelerates the natural skin cell rejuvenation cycle. It also has chelating properties – it holds the ability to absorb (or chelate) certain minerals, for example iron molecules in the skin, which are responsible for causing damage to DNA. Although being an acid, it is very mild and non-irritaing even to sensitive skin. It improves skin texture, helps to treat pigmentation problems, acne and enlargement of pores. Benefits for skin: • gently exfoliating dead cells • antioxidant • moisturising • accelerating skin cell rejuvenation cycle • increasing chelating properties of the skin • improving skin texture • decreasing pigmentation spots, acne, enlarged pores

Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) leaf water is a hydrosol extracted through the steam distillation of rosemary leaves cultivated in France. It is rich in multiple therapeutic properties, mostly purifying, detoxifying, regulating and stimulating. At LAST, we use it as an upgraded replacement to water and a carrier for all the water-soluble active ingredients. The Rosemary leaf water we chose for LAST formulations is 100% pure, certified, organic and free from preservatives. It is distilled in France, with the Ecocert certificate. It has a characteristic smell. Used and valued since ancient Egyptian times, rosemary belongs to the Labiatae family, which contains several genera—such as Salvia, Lavandula, and Thymus—that are commonly used in cosmetics, due to their high prevalence of antioxidant molecules. The fathers of ancient medicine—namely, Hippocrates, Avicenna, and Galen—used ointments of rosemary flowers and leaves macerated in olive oil to treat joint pain and as a vulnerary to heal wounds (1). In the form of hydrosol, it has minor antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti fungal properties. With it’s energising properties, it is ideal for combination, dull skin. Benefits for skin: • purifying • detoxifying • balancing • stimulating • anti-oxidant

Frankincense hydrosol used in LAST cosmetics is 100% pure and natural and it comes from the resin of Boswellia Carteri trees, wild harvested in Somalia. Frankincense is a powerful tree resin that has been used by humankind for nearly 5,000 years. In ancient times, it was more precious than gold. The frankincense hydrosol is received during the steam distillation of tree’s resin, next to the essential oil. In LAST, we use it instead of water – present in most of the regular skincare products – to make every ingredient count and add the maximum value to all our formulations. It is purifying and energizing. It has restorative influence on skin and can act as a toner with added antioxidant properties because of the small amount of volatile components of essential oil. Frankincense hydrosol has a characteristic smell, resinous and sweet with woody undertones. It can be used in skin care recipes, meditation, fragrance blends, energy work and other aromatherapy preparations.

Citrus medica, also known as “cedar”, “citron”, “etrog”, “foshou”, and “fingered citron”, belongs to the Rutaceae family and is one of the three basic species of the Citrus genus. It is a short, medium-sized evergreen tree that reaches 4–8 m in height, with leaves up to 20 cm long and flowers growing in groups of three to twelve. The color of the fruit (size 20–30 cm) varies according to the state of maturation from green to yellow. The species has been valued in traditional medicine for centuries and continues to be widely used in Ayurveda for its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, carminative, antibacterial and antiviral purposes. Modern research has further highlighted its antidiabetic, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects, making Citrus medica a significant natural resource in wellness and therapeutic fields. The most active and valuable part of the Citrus medica is its peel. In traditional medicine across West Tropical Africa and China, the essential oil derived from this peel is regarded as an antibiotic. It is rich in citroflavonoids and several macronutrients such as sugars, lipids and proteins, although its powerful biological effects are largely attributed to its micronutrient profile. The peel contains more water-soluble vitamins than the pulp, especially vitamins B6, B1, and B2, along with vitamin C and other essential micronutrients like hesperidin (vitamin P) and rutin. Additionally, it is a good source of minerals and non-essential amino acids that nourish and support overall skin health. When applied in skincare, Citrus Medica Peel Oil delivers potent antioxidant benefits thanks to its high content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), along with phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids, and heteropolysaccharides. These components work together to neutralize free radicals that can damage skin cells, helping to prevent visible signs of aging and environmental damage. Its strong anti-inflammatory properties help soothe redness and irritation, making it especially beneficial for sensitive or reactive skin types. As an antimicrobial, antibacterial and fungitoxic agent, Citrus Medica Peel Oil effectively supports a balanced skin microbiome, reducing breakouts and promoting a clearer, healthier complexion. The oil’s blend of B vitamins, vitamin C, and minerals nourishes the skin deeply, supporting hydration and resilience. Additionally, its natural acids and enzymes provide gentle exfoliation, enhancing skin texture and radiance for a smoother, brighter appearance.

Vanilla planifolia is native to Central America and Mexico, where the only natural pollinators of Vanilla flowers are bees of the genus Melipona and hummingbirds. When vanilla plants were first introduced to regions like Madagascar, they didn’t produce any fruit pods because there were no Vanilla-specific pollinators. Only years later, in 1841, a 12-year old Edmond Albius, working on a Vanilla plantation, discovered a way to hand-pollinate the flowers, what brought back the fruit pods. Today, almost all Vanilla Planifolia grown anywhere in the world is now hand-pollinated. The process makes it a very costly and labor-intensive crop. Usually it takes approximately 4-5 years after planting to see the first vanilla blossoms and it takes 600 hand-pollinated blossoms to produce only 1 kilo of cured Vanilla pods. These are picked by hand while still green and are sold to special processing plants where they are sorted, blanched, steamed, and sun-dried. We use organic vanilla extract, manufactured with a use of liquid carbon dioxide (CO2 supercritical extraction), delivering a potent natural extract that contains approx. 12% vanillin content. It is alcohol and solvent free, made of carefully selected vanilla beans and carries rich, warm, sweet vanilla aroma. In skincare, vanilla is used for its anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties, soothing and calming irritated skin. It was incorporated in our Skin Repair Serum because of the high content of Vanillin, a polyphenol with powerful anti-oxidant properties. It is also rich in vitamins B (niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and pantothenic acid) and has aromatherapeutic properties. Vanilla calms the mind, it can assist with stress and nervous conditions. Used especially in the evenings, it can help reduce nervous tension, agitation and promote relaxation before sleep. What we appreciated the most, was that vanilla blends wonderfully with wood and citrus essential oils, balancing the earthy and sour aroma of our formula. Benefits for skin: • anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial • soothing and calming irritated skin • antioxidant

Cyanocobalamin is a water-soluble form of vitamin B12 (also known as cobalamin), with a distinctive deep pink colour in its purest form. It is primarily produced through bacterial fermentation and is essential for both the hematological and nervous systems, and it has a complex relationship with the skin. Within the body, vitamin B12 is involved in red blood cell production, brain and nerve health and DNA synthesis. The cutaneous manifestations of cyanocobalamin deficiency include hyperpigmentation (most commonly), changes in hair and nail, as well as oral changes, including glossitis. In the pharmaceutical industry, vitamin B12 has been used for years to help prevent or alleviate dermatological conditions like atopic dermatitis, eczema, and psoriasis, thanks to its ability to counteract skin-irritating factors. It is particularly beneficial for individuals with very dry, itchy, or inflamed skin. Recent studies have shined a light on vitamin B12’s helpful role in defending skin from external stressors (including UV light) and supporting the skin’s microbiome.

Aloe Vera is available in different forms and concentrations. We use aloe vera in powder, concentrated 200:1 (so the powder is 200 times more concentrated than the fresh plant). During the manufacture process, aloe vera is rinsed to remove remnants of aloin and dehydrated. The Aloe Barbadensis Gel is then dried and ground into powder. Aloe vera is rich in vitamins (B complex, vitamin C), folic acid, carotene (a precursor of vitamin A). It is filled with polysaccharides that are hydroscopic and form a strong meshed structure which is very moisturizing to the skin. The skin moisturizing activity is supported by soothing and calming features, what makes aloe vera the perfect natural emollient. It helps skin to heal after burns and sunburns by stimulating fibroblast and connective tissue formation, and by stimulating the epidermal growth and repair process. It is perfect for dehydrated skin, delivering the oxygen deep to the skin cells, nourishing it with vitamins and minerals. Last but not least, aloe vera exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity as well. It is antibacterial and antiseptic, acting against a number of different bacteria and fungi.  

Bisabolol is a colorless, oily liquid – a main component of chamomile essential oil, present also in the bark of the Candeia tree of Brazil. It is isolated by scientists because of its potent effectiveness in skincare. Above all, bisabolol has powerful anti-inflammatory efficacy. It reduces inflammation and inflammatory reactions, even after exposure to UV light. It calms and soothes even sensitive skin, stimulates healing, particularly with acne, rosacea, redness, rashes, psoriasis, sunburn and other similar conditions. Moreover, bisabolol is a good source of panthenol, a natural humectant helping skin hold onto moisture, preventing it from dehydration. As it penetrates deep into the lower layers of skin, it supports prevention of wrinkles and fine lines. In cosmetic formulations, it acts an important role as a skin penetration enhancer, ushering the other active ingredients more deeply into the skin. It has antimicrobial properties, it is effective against epidermis, corynebacteria and staph, as well as Candida albicans. It can also help inhibit melanin synthesis, evening the skin tone and fading hyperpigmentation. Benefits for skin: • anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial • calming, soothing especially the skin with acne, rosacea, redness, rashes, psoriasis or sunburn • moisturising and hydrating • preventing wrinkles formation • diminishing hyperpigmentation, evening the skin tone

Provitamin B5, also known as panthenol, is a versatile ingredient delivering multi benefits to the skin. It has powerful hydrating and moisturizing properties, so it not only hydrates the skin but also, as a humectant, holds and binds the moisture as well as other moisturizing ingredients. Panthenol is also anti-irritant – it stimulates the regeneration of damaged skin and can regenerate sun burnt skin. It positively influences skin’s hydration, elasticity and softness. It is a skin protectant, reducing itchiness and irritation caused by external stimuli. It improves the skin texture, helps to build up a barrier against irritation and prevents water loss (dehydration and dryness) from evaporation. Apart from direct hydration of the skin, panthenol is also crucial to gain resilience by acquiring the abilities to produce moisture in the long run. It has anti-inflammatory activity, helps in wound healing with proven soothing activity against rashes, eczema, red skin, little cuts and sores (bug bites, shaving irritation etc). Especially combined with vitamin C, like in our Skin Repair Serum, it supports the production of collagen boosting skin’s healing process. Benefits for skin: • moisturising and hydrating, preventing water loss • stimulating the regeneration of damaged skin • reducing itchiness and irritation • increasing skin’s elasticity and improving skin texture • anti-inflammatory • soothing skin conditions like rashes, eczema, red skin, cuts and sores

Laurus nobilis, the bay laurel, sweet bay or true laurel is a large evergreen shrub from the Mediterranean basin, renowned since ancient times for its purifying, stimulating and anti-inflammatory virtues.  Laurus nobilis leaf water – a natural hydrosol obtained through low-temperature steam distillation of Laurus nobilis leaves (bay laurel). The one we use in LAST is grown and distilled in France and comes 100% pure and preservative-free. It is certified organic (USDA, JAS, Ecocert), free from synthetic additives, pesticides, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This makes it a safe and sustainable choice for skincare formulations. Rich in active compounds such as cineole, eugenol and alpha-pinene, which contribute to its therapeutic effects, bay laurel possesses strong antimicrobial and antifungal properties, making it an excellent choice for combating various skin issues. It’s purifying and stimulating, with natural astringent properties that help tighten and tone the skin, reducing the appearance of pores. It has antioxidant properties, helping to neutralize free radicals and protect the skin against oxidative stress. It contributes to the prevention of premature aging and the maintenance of a youthful complexion. Additionally, the Laurus Nobilis has shown anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for soothing and calming sensitive or irritated skin.